Nkigikoresho cyibanze cyibanze mugucunga umutungo wamazi, metero zamazi zikora ibirenze ibyo kwandika gusa amazi.Kuvuka kwa metero zamazi zikoreshwa nyuma yimpinduramatwara yinganda mu kinyejana cya 19 kugeza igihe hashyizweho uburyo bwa metero y’amazi meza akoreshwa n’ikoranabuhanga rya IoT mu kinyejana cya 21, iki gikoresho gisa nkicyakunze kwerekana uburyo abantu bakurikirana cyane ubumenyi bw’amazi. Mu rwego rwo muri iki gihe cyo guhuza siyanse n’ikoranabuhanga, ubusobanuro bwa siyanse ya metero y’amazi bwagutse bugera ku bipimo byinshi, birimo gukurikirana umutungo, gusuzuma ibidukikije, n’imiyoborere myiza, bihinduka ihuriro rikomeye rihuza imyitwarire yo gukoresha amazi ya micro - hamwe n’ingamba z’amazi yo mu rwego rwa macro -.
Shingiro rya siyansi yo gupima neza: Kuva ku manza zifatika kugeza ku isesengura ryinshi
Iyo societe gakondo yubuhinzi yashingiye kumasoko y'amazi, igitekerezo kidasobanutse cy "amazi kubisabwa" cyiganje muburyo bwo gukoresha amazi. Nyamara, inganda no mumijyi byahinduye byimazeyo iyi mvugo. Kuza kwa metero y'amazi, kunshuro yambere, byatanze ibimenyetso byinshi byerekana imyitwarire yo gukoresha amazi yumuntu - ukoresheje amahame yumubiri nko kuzunguruka kwimuka, kwimura piston, cyangwa kwinjiza amashanyarazi kugirango uhindure amazi atagaragara mubimenyetso byasomwe. Ubu bushobozi bwo gupima ntabwo aribwo buryo bwa tekiniki gusa bwo gukemura amazi yishyurwa ahubwo ni n'ifatizo ryo gucunga umutungo wa siyansi. Kurugero, murwego rwo gukoresha amazi murugo, amakuru ya metero yamazi arashobora gufasha abashakashatsi gusesengura isano iri hagati yimibereho itandukanye (nkigihe cyo kwiyuhagira no gukoresha imashini imesa inshuro) hamwe nogukoresha amazi. Kurwego rwo gutunganya imijyi, kugereranya amakuru kuva muri metero nkuru yakarere hamwe na metero zurugo birashobora kwerekana ibipimo byingenzi nkibipimo byumuyoboro wamazi no gukwirakwiza amazi neza.
Iterambere muri metero zigezweho ryateje imbere kurushaho kunoza metero y'amazi. Icyifuzo mpuzamahanga R49, cyateguwe n’umuryango mpuzamahanga wita ku mategeko (OIML), gisobanura neza ikosa ntarengwa ryemewe kuri metero y’amazi yo guturamo (ubusanzwe ± 2% kugeza ± 5%), mu gihe laboratoire - urwego rwo hejuru - metero y’amazi yuzuye ishobora no kugera ku makosa yo gupimwa muri ± 0.1%. Ubu buryo bwizewe butuma amakuru ya metero y’amazi akora mu buryo butaziguye ubushakashatsi bwa siyansi: abashakashatsi ba hydraulic bakoresha amakuru maremare - yakusanyije mu gihe cyo kubaka uburyo bwo gukoresha amazi yo mu mijyi, abahanga mu bidukikije bakoresha isesengura rigereranya rya metero z’amazi zagabanijwe mu mazi y’amazi kugira ngo bakurikirane imigendekere y’amazi yo mu butaka, ndetse n’abashakashatsi b’imihindagurikire y’ikirere barashobora gukuramo ibimenyetso byinshi bituruka ku bihe by’ikirere bikabije (nk'ibitonyanga bitunguranye bikoreshwa mu gihe cy'amapfa). Imipaka mugukurikirana umutungo nubumenyi bwibidukikije
Mu rwego rwo kongera ubukene bw’amazi ku isi, metero z’amazi zabaye ibyuma byingenzi mu miyoboro ikurikirana ibidukikije. Imetero y'amazi meza yohereza amakuru nyayo - amakuru yibintu byinshi, nk'amazi, umuvuduko, n'ubushyuhe, bitanga amakuru yo hejuru - yo gukemura amakuru yo gusuzuma amazi meza. Kurugero, mugusesengura ihindagurika rya buri munsi mumibare yamazi yaturutse muri parike yinganda, abashinzwe kurengera ibidukikije barashobora kumenya imyanda itemewe. Ugereranije ibyasomwe muri metero hagati y’ibigega na metero y’amazi yo hepfo birashobora kugereranya ikoreshwa ry’amazi yo kuhira imyaka. Ndetse no mu micungire y’imigezi yambukiranya imipaka, ibihugu byo mu majyepfo no mu majyepfo birashobora kuganira ku burenganzira bw’amazi buringaniye mugusangira amakuru ya metero kuri node.
Ikigaragara cyane ni uko guhuza amakuru ya metero yamazi hamwe nikoranabuhanga nka sisitemu yamakuru ya geografiya (GIS) hamwe n’ikirere cya meteorologiya byifashishwa mu bumenyi bwa kure bitangiza paradizo nshya mu bumenyi bw’amazi. Abashakashatsi bifashisha imashini yiga algorithms kugirango batunganyirize amakuru menshi ya metero y'amazi, bateganya neza igihe cyo gukoresha amazi mu mijyi itandukanye no guhitamo gahunda yo gutanga amazi kugirango bagabanye gukoresha ingufu. Hamwe namakuru yubutaka bwubutaka bwubutaka, birashobora kandi guteza imbere amazi ahuriweho {{2} model uburyo bwo kwigana amazi yubutaka kugirango atange ubumenyi bwa siyansi hakiri kare kugabanuka kwamazi yubutaka. Izi porogaramu ntabwo zitezimbere gusa imikoreshereze y’amazi ahubwo zitanga inkunga ya tekiniki yo kugera ku ntego z’iterambere rirambye ku isi (nka SDG 6: Amazi meza n’isuku).
Ikiraro hagati yimiyoborere myiza nicyemezo cya siyansi - Gufata
Ubusobanuro bwa siyanse ya metero yamazi bugaragarira no mubikorwa byabo kumyitwarire myiza. Mugihe abakoresha bashobora kureba imikoreshereze yabo yamazi mugihe nyacyo bakoresheje ibikoresho byubwenge, ibi bitekerezo biboneka birashobora guhindura cyane ingeso zabo zo gukoresha amazi. Ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko gushyiraho metero yamazi hamwe nigihe cyo kwerekana - cyerekana igihe gishobora kugabanya umuturage gukoresha amazi kumunsi 10% - 15%. Uku kwifashisha urwego ruciriritse ruhindura cyane cyane amakuru yubumenyi mu mbaraga zituma abaturage babigiramo uruhare, hagamijwe kumvikana ku "kumenyekanisha amazi, kubungabunga amazi, no kurengera amazi."
Kurwego rwa macro -, amakuru ya metero y'amazi ni ishingiro ryibanze mu gufata ingamba za leta. Iyo usesenguye imiterere y’imikoreshereze y’amazi mu nzego zitandukanye (nk'inganda, ubuhinzi, na serivisi), abafata ibyemezo - bashobora gushyiraho imipaka ikwiye ku gukoresha amazi yose. Mugereranije amakuru yamateka nubwiyongere bwabaturage, barashobora gutegura umushinga wo kwagura amazi mbere. Ndetse no mubihe byihutirwa rusange (nko guturika kw'imiyoboro no kwanduza amazi), amakuru adasanzwe avuye kumurongo wa metero y'amazi arashobora kugera kumunota - kumunota -. Iki cyemezo cya siyansi - cyo gufata icyitegererezo, gishingiye ku mibare ifatika, kigabanya cyane ikigeragezo - na - ibiciro byamakosa yo gucunga umutungo wamazi kandi byongera imbaraga kandi birambye bya sisitemu.
Kuva meshi neza yibikoresho bya mashini kugeza ihererekanyabubasha ryibimenyetso bya digitale, metero yamazi yamye ari igikoresho cyabantu kugirango bashakishe amayobera yumutungo wamazi. Kurenza igikoresho cyo gupima imigezi y'amazi, ikora nk'isano hagati yo gusobanukirwa siyanse n'ibikorwa bifatika. Mu kwandika neza inzira ya buri gitonyanga cyamazi, metero zamazi zidufasha kumva amategeko yibidukikije, guhitamo itangwa ryumutungo, no kubaka umuryango uhuza abantu namazi. Mu bihe biri imbere, hamwe no guhuza byimazeyo interineti yibintu, amakuru manini, hamwe n’ikoranabuhanga ry’ubwenge, metero z’amazi zizakomeza kwagura imipaka y’ubumenyi kandi zihinduke umusingi w’ubwenge mu buryo burambye mu micungire irambye y’umutungo w’amazi ku isi.